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Phishing for Phools explores the central role of manipulation and deception in fascinating detail in each of these areas and many more. Drug companies ingeniously market pharmaceuticals that do us little good, and sometimes are downright dangerous. We pay too much for gym memberships, cars, houses, and credit cards. Our political system is distorted by money. We are attracted, more than we know, by advertising. The financial system soars, then crashes.

#MACJOURNAL 607 KEYGEN HOW TO#

We spend our money up to the limit, and then worry about how to pay the next month's bills. Akerlof and Shiller bring this idea to life through dozens of stories that show how phishing affects everyone, in almost every walk of life. Rather than being essentially benign and always creating the greater good, markets are inherently filled with tricks and traps and will "phish" us as "phools." Phishing for Phools therefore strikes a radically new direction in economics, based on the intuitive idea that markets both give and take away. As long as there is profit to be made, sellers will systematically exploit our psychological weaknesses and our ignorance through manipulation and deception. In Phishing for Phools, Nobel Prize–winning economists George Akerlof and Robert Shiller deliver a fundamental challenge to this insight, arguing that markets harm as well as help us.

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Shiller, 2015, Phishing for Phools: The Economics of Manipulation and Deception, Princeton: Princeton University Press.Įver since Adam Smith, the central teaching of economics has been that free markets provide us with material well-being, as if by an invisible hand. This is a blogpost intended to give people a sense of the extent of the literature not a formal review.Īkerlof, George A. Suggestions on other papers and streams of research in this area welcome - see a reading list I prepared here on the broader policy implications.Please check if you are using any of the below whether a more recent version is available and also check on the precise citation. Sunstein, in particular, has been responding at length to various ethical critiques of Nudge and if you haven't got time to get through the hundreds of pages below his recent paper on this is a good and readable way of getting into the debate and also his recent book here. More generally, ethical issues are always worth thinking about when devising and evaluating interventions that will impact upon people. The readings below gives a sense of the interest in the ethical implications of nudging. The ethical aspects of behavioural science and policy have been discussed in many formats in our research groups over the years, See the link here for a workshop we conducted in this area joint with Stirling Behavioural Science Centre and Newcastle University Law School.

The framework is designed to capture the key considerations in the philosophical debate about nudging human behaviour, while also being accessible for use in a range of public policy settings, as well as training. It suggests that nudgers should consider seven core ethical dimensions: Fairness, Openness, Respect, Goals, Opinions, Options and Delegation. We present and discuss FORGOOD, an ethics framework that synthesizes the debate on the ethics of nudging in a memorable mnemonic. Furthermore, a large philosophical literature has emerged on the ethical considerations on nudging human behaviour that has presented key challenges for the area, but is regularly omitted from discussion of policy design and administration. Insights from the behavioural sciences are increasingly used by governments and other organizations worldwide to ‘nudge’ people to make better decisions. The aim of FORGOOD is to reduce the unintentional misusage of behavioural science in applied policy settings by encouraging voluntary ethical reflection in a systematic way. The FORGOOD framework summarises seven key ethical considerations when nudging behaviour. We have also developed a website with resources, including powerpoint slides and graphics to help people looking to integrate this area into their training and project development activities. The paper linked here (abstract below), co-authored with Leonhard Lades and published in Behavioural Public Policy, is an attempt to summarise what has become a very large literature on ethics into a framework that is useful for project development and training.

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I will continue to update this post through the next three years.

The post below has been developed since 2015 to keep tabs on various discussions about ethical aspects of behavioural science and policy. See more examples on the right-hand side-bar of the blog.

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This is one of a series of "living posts" that will updated periodically.